The philtrum is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip.įigure 22.3 Nose This illustration shows features of the external nose (top) and skeletal features of the nose (bottom). An ala is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris (plural = nares), or nostril opening. On either side of the apex, the nostrils are formed by the alae (singular = ala). The dorsum nasi is the length of the nose. The bridge is the part of the nose that connects the root to the rest of the nose. The root is the region of the nose located between the eyebrows. The external nose consists of the surface and skeletal structures that result in the outward appearance of the nose and contribute to its numerous functions ( Figure 22.3). When discussing the nose, it is helpful to divide it into two major sections: the external nose, and the nasal cavity or internal nose. The major entrance and exit for the respiratory system is through the nose. The epithelium of the nasal passages, for example, is essential to sensing odors, and the bronchial epithelium that lines the lungs can metabolize some airborne carcinogens. Several structures within the conducting zone perform other functions as well. The major functions of the conducting zone are to provide a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from the incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air. The gas exchange occurs in the respiratory zone. The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes the organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange. Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions, such as sensing odors, speech production, and for straining, such as during childbirth or coughing ( Figure 22.2).įigure 22.2 Major Respiratory Structures The major respiratory structures span the nasal cavity to the diaphragm.įunctionally, the respiratory system can be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone. The major organs of the respiratory system function primarily to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove the waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance. Compare and contrast the functions of upper respiratory tract with the lower respiratory tract.Describe how the respiratory system processes oxygen and CO 2.List the structures that make up the respiratory system.Organs and Structures of the Respiratory Systemīy the end of this section, you will be able to: All of these conditions affect the gas exchange process and result in labored breathing and other difficulties. A variety of diseases can affect the respiratory system, such as asthma, emphysema, chronic obstruction pulmonary disorder (COPD), and lung cancer. The circulatory system transports gases from the lungs to tissues throughout the body and vice versa. Carbon dioxide is exhaled and oxygen is inhaled through the respiratory system, which includes muscles to move air into and out of the lungs, passageways through which air moves, and microscopic gas exchange surfaces covered by capillaries. You may be surprised to learn that although oxygen is a critical need for cells, it is actually the accumulation of carbon dioxide that primarily drives your need to breathe. For oxidative phosphorylation to occur, oxygen is used as a reactant and carbon dioxide is released as a waste product. This is because every cell in the body needs to run the oxidative stages of cellular respiration, the process by which energy is produced in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). A typical human cannot survive without breathing for more than 3 minutes, and even if you wanted to hold your breath longer, your autonomic nervous system would take control. Really! See how long you can hold your breath as you continue readingâ¦How long can you do it? Chances are you are feeling uncomfortable already. Describe the development of the respiratory system in the embryo.Discuss how the respiratory system responds to exercise. ![]() Create a flow chart illustrating how respiration is controlled.Summarize the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport within the respiratory system.Outline the forces that allow for air movement into and out of the lungs.List the major functions of the respiratory system.List the structures of the respiratory system.(credit: âbortescristianâ/)Īfter studying this chapter, you will be able to: Figure 22.1 Mountain Climbers The thin air at high elevations can strain the human respiratory system.
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